Typical physical properties description polycarbonate pc is a clear, colorless polymer used extensively for engineering and optical applications. Hazard evaluation of bisphenol a bpa and alternatives this chapter summarizes the toxicological and environmental hazards of bisphenol a bpa and each of the 19 alternative chemicals that were identified as potential functional substitutes for bpa. Regarding human exposure to bpa, food intake can be considered the most serious among all the. Due to its remarkable properties bpa, in its polycarbonate form, is found in a plethora of common products such as water, milk and baby bottles, eyeglass lenses. Chemical structure of bisphenol a bpa 1, polycarbonate 2 and an epoxy resin. Bisphenol a bpa is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula ch32c 2. Emejulu, mj bisphenol a is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide with more than 6million pounds produced each year burridge, 2003. Preparation of bisphenol a the bpa synthesis including mechanisms, possible reactions, byproducts, and order of reaction. Because of concerns for similar effects in humans, there is a desire to replace bpa in consumer products, and a search for bpa replacements that lack endocrinedisrupting bioactivity is ongoing. Curing and thermal properties of copolymer epoxy resins. Bisphenol a, more commonly known as bpa, is a chemical widely used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol a epoxy resin is a polymer which comes from polycondensation with epichlorohydrin and 4,4dihydroxyldiphenylpropane, and it has the common performances of general polymers. Bisphenol a bpa current state of knowledge and future. The concerns began with the hypothesis that bpa is an endocrine disruptor, i.
General court of the european union press release no 9219. Toxicological profile for bisphenol a september 2009 prepared by office of environmental health hazard assessment prepared for ocean protection council under an interagency agreement, number 07055, with the state coastal conservancy list of contributors authors jim carlisle, d. The acid catalyzed condensation of acetone with two moles of phenol is the first process for forming bpa, figure 1. Polybisphenol a carbonate analytical standard sigma. Hazard evaluation of bisphenol a bpa and alternatives. Synthesis in different conditions can obtain resin with different molecular weights, the average molecular weight generally is from 300 to 2000, and its structural formula is shown in follows. Bpa epoxy resins are used in the protective linings. Characterizing properties of nonestrogenic substituted. This type of plastic is used to make some types of beverage containers, compact disks, plastic dinnerware, impactresistant safety equipment, automobile parts, and toys. Curing process and properties of hydrogenated bisphenol a. The effects of mixed bisphenol a bpa and sulfamethoxazole smx solution on the modified attapulgite doping ratio, initial solution ph, adsorbent dosage, contaminant concentration, and temperature were studied.
This value does not differ very much from the common synthetic resins and corresponds to about 3 times of iron and. An overview summary bisphenol a bpa is a key industrial chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins and other products. Bisphenol a is a bisphenol that is 4,4methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups. Scientific opinion on bisphenol a 2015 efsa explains the safety of bisphenol a bpa poses no health risk to consumers because cur rent exposure to the chemical is too low to cause harm. Evaluation of bisphenol a, physicochemical properties 1120 adeghe, om. Bpa is a xenoestrogen, exhibiting estrogenmimicking, hormone like properties. The substitution of bisphenol a bpa by bisphenol b bpb, a very close structural analog, stresses the need to assess its potential endocrine properties. It has a role as a xenoestrogen, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and an endocrine disruptor. The mechanical properties of bisphenola polycarbonate bpa pc have been extensively studied. The conformational properties of the bisphenola polycarbonate pc were studied using the rotationalisomericstate metropolis monte carlo rmmc simulations adopting a polymer consistent forcefield pcff. From the information sheet series produced by the bisphenol a global industry group october 2002 bisphenol a. Tensile properties of ultrathin bisphenola polycarbonate. We used multiple cellbased models, including an established multiparametric, high.
Bisphenol a controversy centers on concerns and debates about the biomedical significance of bisphenol a bpa, which is a precursor to polymers that are used in some consumer products, including some food containers. Pdf sequential interpenetrating polymer networks from. It is a high production volume chemical widely used in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins and as an additive in polyvinyl chloride. Bisphenol a properties based on staples 1998 property value. Bisphenol a bpa in plastics and possible human health effects congressional research service 3 in children. These authors also evaluated the mechanical properties of the cured epoxy resins by measuring impact resistance or hardness and found that it had excellent chemical resistances. You may need a pdf reader to view some of the files on this page. Animal studies have linked the estrogenic properties of bisphenol a bpa to adverse effects on the endocrine system. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental.
Based on new data and methodologies, efsa has low ered the estimated safe level, known as the tolerable. Thermophysical properties of bisphenol a polysulfone. Evaluations of chemical formulations may also require the consideration of associated. What are the effects of bisphenol a on aquatic and soil organisms. When used as a curing agent it produces elastomers with excellent chemical resistance and thermal stability. Confirmation of the inclusion of bisphenol a as a substance of very high concern on account of its properties as a substance toxic for reproduction bisphenol a is a substance which is mainly used as an intermediate in the manufacture of polymers.
It can be synthesized by inducing supercritical co 2 to crystallinity in low molecular weight polycarbonate beads using solidstate polymerization. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against. It is widely known for its tendency to leach from these materials, which has made it a subject of public health and environmental concern. This amorphous structure gives the polymer its particular transparency lgdow n.
In this paper, attapulgite purified by acid heat was employed, and millimeter polyethersulfonemodified attapulgite hybrid microspheres were prepared. The oligomeric phthalonitrile monomer was prepared from the reaction of an excess amount of bisphenol a with 4,4difluorobenzophenone in the presence of k 2 co 3 as the base in an n,n. It serves as a base line in the manufacturing of plastics and a major compound in the production of epoxy resins, printers. It is available commercially in both pellet and sheet form. It is also used for nonintermediate purposes for the manufacture of thermal paper. Recovery of methanol from bisphenol aqueous stream and. Bisphenol a alternatives in thermal paper chapter 4. Product name bisphenola chemical name 4,4isopropylidenediphenol synonyms. Sequential interpenetrating polymer networks from bisphenol a based cyanate ester and bimaleimide.
Germany, where he reported key physical properties but no applications. Copolymer epoxy resins were prepared using a twostep process in which 10, 30 and 50% of bisphenola was replaced with liquefied bamboo. Bisphenol a bpa in plastics and possible human health. Synthesis of bisphenols by using aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Preparation and mechanical properties of a copolycarbonate. Evaluation of bisphenol a, physicochemical properties and. This analysis aimed to investigate whether bpb has endocrine disruptive properties in humans and. University identified a compound with estrogenic properties that contaminated their. Polybisphenol a carbonate pc is a thermoplastic material. New research on verylowdose exposure to bpa suggests an association with adverse health effects, including breast and prostate cancer, obesity. Bisphenol a bpa is a widely used chemical in polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins consumer exposure via food can occur through migration of bpa from food contact materials concern has been raised because of potential toxic and hormonal properties of bpa.
Polycarbonate plastics have many applications including use in some food and drink packaging, e. Polycarbonate plastics have many applications including use in some food and drink packaging such as water and baby bottles, compact discs, impactresistant safety equipment, and. Bisphenol a bpa is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol a bpa, a synthetic chemical used in the production of plastics since the 1950s and a known endocrine disruptor, is a ubiquitous component of the material environment and human body. Bisphenol a bpa bisphenol a bpa is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics. Bisphenol af is also used as a monomer in the synthesis of specialty polymers. Following the fourstep procedure recommended by the. Bisphenol a bpa is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula ch 3 2 cc 6 h 4 oh 2 belonging to the group of diphenylmethane derivatives and bisphenols, with two hydroxyphenyl groups. Request pdf synthesis and properties of a bisphenol a based phthalonitrile resin a multiple aromatic ether linked phthalonitrile was synthesized and characterized. Bisphenol a, colorless crystalline solid in the family of organic compounds and used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The creep behavior of a series of fully cured epoxy resins with different crosslink densities was determined from the glassy compliance level to the equilibrium compliance j e at temperatures above t g and at the glassy level below t g during spontaneous densification at four aging temperatures, 4,4. General introduction, literature survey and application of bisphenols. Request pdf curing process and properties of hydrogenated bisphenol a epoxy resin particles by an interfacial polymerization method for asphalt pavements based on the principle of the. Effect of peroxides and hybrid silsesquioxane addition by jiang zhu a dissertation submitted to michigan state university in partial fulfillment of the requirements.
Recently, we developed the uniaxial tensile tester for ultrathin films, enabling the direct measurement of the complete stressstrain relationship for the. Bpa structural formula properties of bpa are listed in table 1. Bisphenol a production process the aim of the chapter is to give an overview of the bpa production methods. Preparation and mechanical properties of a copolycarbonate composed of. The bisphenol a 4, 4dihydroxy2, 2diphenylpropane bpa molecule comprises two phenol rings connected by a methyl bridge, with two methyl groups attached to the bridge figure 1. Bisphenol a bpa is a widely used chemical in polycarbonate plastic and. Technical evaluation report bisphenol a handlingprocessing. Effect of pegde addition on rheological and mechanical. Environmental characteristics and toxicity in aquatic systems. Molecule of the month bisphenol a university of bristol. Concern has been raised because of potential toxic and hormonal properties of bpa. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in organic solvents, but poorly soluble in water 0.
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